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temperature, fast" is the basic principle of converter smelting ferrochrome. Hu [19] proposed the process of extending the slag method of the converter age for some problems such as short furnace age and high refractory consumption in the pro-duction of medium- and low-carbon ferrochrome in pure oxygen top-blown con-verter.
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Ferrochrome slag (FCS), mainly derived from the smelting process of chromite ore, is a by-product containing a wide range of chemical components. It generally includes SiO 2 …
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Ferroalloy refining process is the smelting process that further refines the alloy produced by crude processing in submerged arc furnace or blast furnace, in order to obtain pure ferroalloy. ... to generate extra-low-carbon ferrochrome. This process was invented by R. Perrin in 1938, who is a French scientist, and later, this method was named ...
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From an environmental point of view, smelting industries are pressured to reduce C emissions. An attractive approach for removing oxygen from the target metal oxides, and the mitigation of gaseous...
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The objective of this paper is to investigate the energy conservation and resource utilization in the smelting process of ferrochrome pellets. Based on the laws of mass and energy conservation, the material and energy flows model has been established in the smelting process of steel belt sintering-submerged arc furnace.
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Outotec's ferrochrome process consists of the smelting of high carbon ferrochrome in a closed and sealed submerged arc furnace, using mainly sintered pellets as raw material, …
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and process automation have developed considerably and thus the operation of the plants improved. A major part of new process technology has been launched in ferrochrome production. Especially in 1980s, strong interest was seen in research and implementation of new methods such as plasma smelting, pre-reduction and direct reduction.
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Implementation of major projects, including pelletisation and sinter of friable ores within 3 -4 years will allow Zimbawe to supply between 10% to 20% of global FeCr demand.
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The production of ferrochrome involves a complex smelting process typically conducted in specialized smelters. The key steps in the smelting process include: Ore Preparation: The process begins with the preparation of raw …
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The basic phenomena of the smelting process are formation and separation of molten ferroalloy and slag. The gangue and the impurities from the ore, which form the slag phase, might be …
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A generalized flow diagram indicating the most common process steps utilized by FeCr producers (adapted by [30] from [14,23]). Reprinted from Ref. [30] with permission from Elsevier (Amsterdam ...
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High carbon ferrochrome does not have a single specification, as the ores in different regions differ, which impacts on certain components in the alloy (e.g., Cr, Fe, and C). Furthermore, the smelting process (slag metallurgy or technology route) employed also impacts on particular components in the alloy (e.g., Si, S).
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Each zone is characterised by differing process conditions and reaction products. The phase equilibria, reaction steps and mechanisms occurring as the charge progresses through the …
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Four primary processes are available for smelting chromite ore to produce ferrochrome. They are: Conventional smelting process, Outokumpu process, DC Arc route, and Premus technology.
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Medium-, low-, and extra-low-carbon ferrochromes (generally referred to as refining ferrochrome) are usually smelted by electro-silicothermic reduction method with raw materials …
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From an environmental point of view, smelting industries are pressured to reduce C emissions. An attractive approach for removing oxygen from the target metal oxides, and the mitigation of gaseous C, is by using hydrogen as a reductant. By doing so, water vapor is the …
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The power consumptions for smelting of ferrochrome using several process workflows, including charge heating, sintering or prereduction, followed by remelting in OSFs and direct-current furnaces (DCF) were compared in [] for Southern African and Kazakhstan ores.According to the estimates in [], the power consumption for smelting high-carbon …
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The other products in the smelting process are CO-gas and FeCr-slag. CO-gas results from the reduction reactions. It is generated at 700 Nm 3/t FeCr and it includes 85-90 % CO and 5 % H 2. In high temperatures the charge materials start to smelt. Materials not dissolving into metallic ferrochrome phases form primarily sil-
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The chromite ore used for smelting ferrochrome is generally required to contain 340 to 50% of Cr2O. The ratio of chromium to iron is greater than 2.8. Ferrochromium alloys are classified into high carbon ferrochrome, medium carbon ferro chrome, low carbon ferrochrome, and micro carbon ferrochrome according to the difference in carbon content.
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Optimization of Process Parameter for Smelting and Reduction of Ferrochrome . Harsh Raj. Production Engineering. B.I.T Sindri. Dhanbad, India. Dr. D.N PaswanDr. M.E.F Division C.S.I.R N.M.L . Jamshedpur, India Abstract— energy is in the form of SiO and CO offThe increasing costs of electric energy and continuous
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The extra-low-carbon ferrochrome smelting also can apply solid-state decarburization process by vacuum, that is, high-carbon ferrochrome is ground into powder, mixed with appropriate amounts of oxidant, and produced by mixing, molding, drying, and vacuum smelting to obtain extra-low-carbon ferrochrome with low-carbon content. ...
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Ferrochrome Smelting Process 3.1.Raw Materials 3.1.1. Chromite ore Chromite ore is the only commercial source of chromium. About 80% of world production comes from India, Iran, Pakistan, Oman, Turkey and Southern Africa (which produces half of this).
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Production of ferrochrome from chromite ores is typically by concentrating, pelletizing of chromite fine ore, and sintering (Basson and Daavittila, 2013; Haque and Norgate, 2013) or prereduction (Basson and Daavittila, 2013; Eric, 2014) before a carbothermic reductive smelting process (Mc Dougall, 2013; Eric, 2013). The smelting process to ...
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Direct reduction of chromite (DRC) is a promising alternative process for ferrochrome production with the potential to significantly reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional smelting. In DRC, chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) from chromite ore incongruently dissolve into a molten salt, which facilitates mass transfer to a carbon (C) …
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