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Currently, the main smelting processes of nickel sulfide ore involve flash smelting and pool smelting [19–22]. Spraying the deeply dehydrated powder concentrate from the top into the reactor at 1450–1550 °C during flash smelting.
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In flash smelting, dry sulfide ore containing less than 1% moisture is fed to the furnace along with preheated air, oxygen-enriched air (30–40% ... Effluents from Nickel Smelting (milligrams per liter, except for pH) Parameter Maximum value pH 6–9 TSS 50 Nickel 0.5 Iron 3.5
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The two main processing methods for laterite ores are smelting and High-Pressure Acid Leaching (HPAL). Smelting is used primarily on saprolite ores to obtain an iron-nickel alloy (ferronickel – FeNi, Nickel Pig Iron – NPI) while HPAL is used primarily to process limonite or …
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Older nickel-smelting processes, such as blast or reverberatory furnaces, are no longer acceptable because of low energy efficien- cies and environmental concerns. In flash smelting, …
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Processing ores with a high nickel content is more economically viable. However, even when using the same limonite and saprorite ore, Ni and Fe content can vary widely impacting the manufacturing cost accordingly [3].
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Nickel Ore Feedstock Purchasing Agreements Ho-Hyun Jeong 1, Eul-Bum Lee 2,* and Douglas Alleman 3 1 SNNC (Special Purpose Company), 2148-139 Jecheol-Ro, ... cycle cost analysis. 1.1. Extraction, Smelting, and Manufacturing Process The most common smelting Ni process is pyrometallurgical. This process is used to smelt a
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Global Nickel (Ni) smelters' have been experiencing profit losses for nearly a decade due to the 2008 recession still impacting the industry, oversupply, and fluctuating ore quality. This paper proposes to aid the Ni smelters with the lattermost issue, presenting an optimum pricing index model for purchasing raw Ni ore materials. The model is developed using data from a major Ni …
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Processing ores with a high nickel content is more economically viable. However, even when using the same limonite and saprorite ore, Ni and Fe content can vary widely impacting the …
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The chapter discusses investment and operating costs for extraction of high-purity nickel from laterite ore as well as cost comparison of laterite smelting with laterite leaching.
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According to a report published by Glencore in 2013, nickel ore exports from Indonesia reached ~48 million tons, and the value exported to China was reported to be 43 million tons. ... the fluxes must be very effective in order to be attractive in terms of cost. Ferro-nickel smelting generates too much slag. More than 95% of the charge material ...
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Currently, the main smelting processes of nickel sulfide ore involve flash smelting and pool smelting [19] [20] [21][22]. Spraying the deeply dehydrated powder concentrate from the top into the ...
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Saprolite ores are treated by smelting, where the ore is dried and melted using energy from coal and electricity – often coal-based – to recover the nickel as an iron-nickel alloy. The iron-nickel alloy is generally used directly to …
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The initial characterization confirmed the presence of nickel (0.5–0.9% Ni) in the ore, which led to the interest in smelting the ore to obtain nickel in the metal. The smelting behaviour of the tailings is studied under the submerged arc furnace and blast furnace condition, under varying basicity. A cost economic analysis of the process is ...
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Ground-breaking work carried out at these laboratories led to the commercialization of a number of processes for the Company including: The Falconbridge Iron Ore Process operated at the smelter from 1956 to 1972 [21,22,23]; the Falconbridge Nickel Iron Refinery operated unevenly at the smelter from 1969 to 1973 [23, 24]; the Falcondo Nickel ...
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Industrially, the pyrometallurgical treatment of laterites is mostly accomplished with a well-established method, namely, the rotary kiln–electric arc furnace (RKEF) process, which …
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Currently, the main smelting processes of nickel sulfide ore involve flash smelting and pool smelting [19,20,21,22]. Spraying the deeply dehydrated powder concentrate from the …
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saprolite. The ore is dried and nickel is selectively reduced (together with cobalt and some iron) to metallic nickel at ~ 700°C. The metallics are extracted by leaching in an ammoniacal solution. Recovery of nickel and cobalt decreases with the increasing amount of saprolite since nickel and cobalt are locked in a silicate matrix and are
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This study aims to study the smelting process of limonitic laterite nickel ore. The smelting process was performed using a Mini Blast Furnace pilot plant with a capacity of ten tons of ore per day ...
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Two broad ore types. Nickel occurs in two broad ore types: laterite (oxide) ores, principally located in tropical and sub-tropical areas, and ... Saprolite ores are treated by smelting, where the ore is dried and melted using energy from coal and electricity – often coal-based – to recover the nickel as an iron-nickel alloy. The iron-nickel ...
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Global Nickel (Ni) smelters' have been experiencing profit losses for nearly a decade due to the 2008 recession still impacting the industry, oversupply, and fluctuating ore …
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Smelting contracts. There are generally two types of smelting contracts. Long-term contracts are typically negotiated on an annual basis between well-known miners and smelters. Spot smelting contracts are short …
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2.1.1 Global distribution of Nickel Ore. Nickel laterites are found in Indonesia, Philippines, New Caledonia, and Murrin Murrin in Western Australia. Nickel is mined in more than 25 nations throughout the world. Global nickel production increased approximately to 2.5 …
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The smelting of ferronickel using lean nickel ores usually starts with roasting (calcining) of the ore mixture with limestone (~one third of the ore), anthracite (~1/10 of the ore amount), and recycled dust. Roasting is carried out in rotary kilns (~3 m in diameter, ~75 m in length, with a hot zone length of 9 to 12 m in the case of lean ore ...
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